Hallam states that the first seneschals to govern in this manner did so by an 1190 edict of Philip II. In late medieval and early modern France, the seneschal was originally a royal steward overseeing the entire country but developed into an agent of the crown charged with administration of a seneschalty ( French: sénéchaussée), one of the districts of the crown lands in Gascony, Aquitaine, Languedoc and Normandy. The warband, once sedentary, became first the king's royal household, and then his great officers of state, and in both cases the seneschal is synonymous with steward. Old Saxon druhting, OHG truhting, truhtigomo OE dryhtguma, dryhtealdor), from the 5th century on, personally attended on the king, as specifically stated in the Codex Theodosianus of 413 ( Cod. The king's chief warbandman and retainer (cf. Vulgar Latin * dructis, OHG truht, Old English dryht) whose members also had duties in their lord's household like a royal retinue. When Germanic tribes took over the Empire, the scholae were merged or replaced with the Germanic king's warband (cf. The captain of the guard was known as comes scholarum. The scholae in the late Roman Empire referred to the imperial guard, divided into senior ( seniores) and junior ( juniores) units. Gothic sineigs "old", sinista "oldest") and scalc "servant", ultimately a calque of Late Latin senior scholaris "senior guard". The term, first attested in 1350–1400, was borrowed from Anglo-Norman seneschal "steward", from Old Dutch * siniscalc "senior retainer" (attested in Latin siniscalcus (692 AD), Old High German senescalh), a compound of * sini- (cf. The Medieval Latin discifer (dish-bearer) was an officer in the household of later Anglo-Saxon kings, and it is sometimes translated by historians as seneschal, although the term was not used in England before the Norman Conquest. In the United Kingdom the modern meaning of seneschal is primarily as an ecclesiastical term, referring to a cathedral official. In a medieval royal household, a seneschal was in charge of domestic arrangements and the administration of servants, which, in the medieval period particularly, meant the seneschal might oversee hundreds of laborers, servants and their associated responsibilities, and have a great deal of power in the community, at a time when much of the local economy was often based on the wealth and responsibilities of such a household.Ī second meaning is more specific, and concerns the late medieval and early modern nation of France, wherein the seneschal ( French: sénéchal) was also a royal officer in charge of justice and control of the administration of certain southern provinces called seneschalties, holding a role equivalent to a northern French bailiff ( bailli). Most commonly, a seneschal was a senior position filled by a court appointment within a royal, ducal, or noble household during the Middle Ages and early Modern period – historically a steward or majordomo of a medieval great house. The word seneschal ( / ˈ s ɛ n ə ʃ əl/) can have several different meanings, all of which reflect certain types of supervising or administering in a historic context.
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That all changed when they landed a recording deal with Philadelphia International Records in 1971, thus beginning Pendergrass's successful collaboration with label founders Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. Before Pendergrass joined the group, the Blue Notes had struggled to find success. However, during a performance, Pendergrass began singing along, and Melvin, impressed by his vocals, made him the lead singer. In 1970, he was spotted by the Blue Notes' founder, Harold Melvin (1939–1997), who convinced Pendergrass to play drums in the group. Pendergrass played drums for several local Philadelphia bands, eventually becoming the drummer of The Cadillacs. The recording, however, was not a commercial success. He dropped out in the 11th grade to enter the music business, recording his first song, "Angel With Muddy Feet". He attended Thomas Edison High School for Boys in North Philadelphia (now closed). Pendergrass also took up drums during this time and was a junior deacon of his church. He dreamed of being a pastor and got his wish when, at 10, he was ordained a minister (according to author Robert Ewell Greene). Pendergrass grew up in Philadelphia and often sang at church. When he was still very young, his father left the family Jesse was fatally stabbed on June 13, 1962. He was born Theodore DeReese Pendergrass on Sunday, March 26, 1950, at Thomas Jefferson Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the only child of Jesse and Ida Geraldine (née Epps) Pendergrass. Pendergrass died from respiratory failure in January 2010. Pendergrass continued his successful solo career until announcing his retirement in 2007. Pendergrass' career was halted after a near-fatal car crash in March 1982 that left him paralyzed from the chest down. After leaving the group over monetary disputes in 1976, Pendergrass launched a successful solo career under the Philadelphia International label, releasing four consecutive platinum albums, then a record for an African-American R&B artist. 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The C-4320 burps pollution out of its side when you step on the gas in a way that you're possibly not expecting the first time you fire it up the D-537 has a forlorn pane of glass for a front screen that makes it look like it's trying not to cry. The genius of building a game around aging Soviet tech is that, for the Western audience, there's a freshness to the whole thing, a kind of rust-dappled exotica. It's a waltz, really - a waltz off a cliff. Still, when it moves, it's like a glorious symphony orchestra of cobbled-together shoddiness, all playing slightly different tunes with the same cheery enthusiasm. This is what the Mystery Machine might look like, I reckon, if Scooby and Shaggy and the gang had all been Stakhanovites. From the back, it's just a box, and there's something of a stoner van to its outline. My favourite character is a clanking snout-nosed rust-heap called the C-4320. 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Metal starts to move and then it all rocks forward at once - forward, forward, forward, over a tiny, invisible hill. It catches - or rather you catch on it - and then there's this tantalising moment of pre-lurch. But something far beneath you has shifted imperceptibly, putting you fleetingly in contact with solid matter. You're stuck deep in the mud and you've been churning up spray for minutes. But testify! It takes place at a speed of roughly no miles per hour - the speed at which almost all of this astonishing and rackety confection plays out. Did-I-just-hit-that-badger? off.Īnd beyond fourth? I hear good things about fifth gear, too. You were off before, of course, but now you're off. A catch! Something fast trades with something faster: you're hooked and then you're off. You reach forward for the gear stick or whatever it's called, you push - or you pull or whatever you do - and there's a sort of sinewy catch. Ask an ordinary person if they're willing to rob a bank with you, and the moment they're most likely to say yes is the moment when they move from third to fourth. For the car, it's all like, "Oh, we're doing this are we? I guess you really want to get to that Mexican restaurant." But for the driver, it's more of an anticipatory thrill, a twitch of everyday nihilism. I can't drive, and I will probably never learn, but still: I hear very good things about the shift from third to fourth gear. |
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